Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
- Shut the door before you go out.
- You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
- By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
- No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
- The guard stood where he was positioned.
- Where there is a will, there is a way.
- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
- Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
- As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
- Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
- Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
- He did as I told him.
- You may finish it how you like.
- They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
- They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
- She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
- He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
- I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
- Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
- It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
- The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
- The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
- The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
- I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
- He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
- The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
- It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
- It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
- She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
- They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
- Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
- This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
- Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
- Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
- Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
- Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
- Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
- As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
- Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
- Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
- Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
- Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
- While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
- Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
- While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
- If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
- She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
- Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
- In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
- The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
- We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
8. Clauses of Comparison
Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan perbandingan suatu benda.
Contoh:
- Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher.
- He works harder than he can.
- An elephant is stronger than a rabbit.
9. Adverb clause of reason
Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan sebuah alasan
Contoh:
- Rani doesn’t go to school because she is sick.
- Since it’s raining so heavily, I can’t go out.
- As I wasn’t there, I didn’t know what had happened.
- Example Article For Adverbial Clauses
Prices
In most economic systems, the prices of the majority of goods and services do not change over short periods of time. In some systems it is of course possible for an individual to bargain over prices, because they are not fixed in advance. In general terms, however, the individual cannot change the prices of the commodities he wants. When planning has expenditure, he must therefore accept these fixed prices. He must also pay these same fixed prices no matter how many units he buys. A consumer will go on buying bananas for as he continues to be satisfied. If he buys more, he shows that his satisfaction is still greater than his dislike of losing money. With each successive purchase, however, his satisfaction compensates less for the loss of money.
A point in time comes when the financial sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of eating bananas. The consumer will therefore stop buying bananas at the current price. The bananas are unchanged; they are no better of worse than before. Their marginal utility to the consumer has, however, charged. If the price had been higher, he might have bought fewer bananas; if the price had been lower, he might have bought more.
It is clear from this argument that the nature of a commodity remains the same, but its utility changes. This change indicates that special relationship exists between goods and services on the one hand, and a consumer and his money on the other hand. The consumer desire for a commodity tends to diminish as he buys more units of that commodity. Economists call this tendency the law of diminishing marginal utility.
